Sciatica (Lumbar Radiculopathy): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What Is Sciatica

Sciatica is a sharp, radiating pain that spreads from the lower back or buttock down one leg, sometimes reaching the calf or foot. The pain follows the path of the sciatic nerve, which originates in the lower spine and passes through the buttocks and down each leg.

Causes

The most common cause of sciatica is a herniated disc that compresses a nerve root in the lumbar spine. Other possible causes include:

Spinal stenosis, or narrowing of the spinal canal.
Bone spurs caused by arthritis.
Spondylolisthesis, when one vertebra slips forward over another.
Muscle spasms in the buttocks or lower back.
Direct trauma to the lower spine.

Symptoms

Typical symptoms of sciatica include:

Sharp or burning pain in the lower back, buttock, and leg.
Numbness or tingling sensation along the affected limb.
Muscle weakness, especially in the leg or foot.
Difficulty standing up, sitting, or walking for long periods.

"The hallmark of sciatica is pain that follows the course of the sciatic nerve, often affecting only one side of the body."

Diagnosis

Diagnosis usually begins with a physical exam assessing reflexes, muscle strength, and pain distribution. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may confirm whether a herniated disc or spinal stenosis is causing nerve compression.

Treatment

Treatment for sciatica often starts with conservative methods, including:

Rest and avoiding heavy lifting or sudden movements.
Pain relief medications or anti-inflammatory drugs.
Physical therapy focusing on gentle stretching and strengthening exercises.
Hot and cold compresses to reduce inflammation.

When conservative measures fail, more advanced treatments are considered, such as epidural steroid injections or, in rare cases, surgical intervention to relieve nerve pressure.

Prevention and Recovery

Regular physical activity and maintaining good posture help prevent recurrence. Core muscle strengthening and weight management can also reduce stress on the spine.

Healthcare professionals advise, “Staying active and exercising regularly are key to long-term spine health.”

Author’s summary: Sciatica is a common condition caused by nerve compression in the lower spine that produces radiating leg pain, often improving with rest, therapy, and preventive exercises.

PhysioMSK — 2025-11-26